Jurnal title : JURNAL BIOSAINSTEK Abbreviation : j.biol.sains.teknol OAI address : https://journal.tyarlyta.com/index.php/biosaintek/oai Frequency 2 issue per year : (Januari & Juli) ISSN : 2685-676X DOI prefix : DOI: https://doi.org/10.52046/biosainstek. Editor in-chief : Syahnul Sardi titaheluw Managing Editor : Umar Tangke IT Support : Syaiful Ahmad Publisher : Universitas Muahmmadiyah Maluku Utara Citation Analisys : Google Scholar
The Relationship Between Knowledge Level and Adolescent Girls’ Behavior Regarding Personal Hygiene During Menstruation in Tobelo District
This study aims to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and the behavior of young women regarding personal hygiene during menstruation in Tobelo District. The research method used in this research is descriptive analytic quantitative research with a crosssectional approach with a total population of 4,688 young women in Tobelo District, a total sample of 370 respondents. The sampling technique was carried out using simple random sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires and analyzed univariately and bivariately using Spearman's rho analysis. The results showed that the knowledge level of young women was not good at 74%, good at 26% and personal hygiene behavior during menstruation was not good at 55%, good at 45% and there was a relationship between knowledge and behavior of young women about personal hygiene during menstruation at Tobelo District (P=0.00). Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the level of knowledge of young women about menstruation is included in the unfavorable category of 74% so that the behavior of young women regarding personal hygiene during menstruation is in the unfavorable category of 55%, where good knowledge is very important in behaving so there is a relationship between knowledge with the behavior of young women regarding personal hygiene during menstruation in Tobelo District.
Copyright (c) 2026 Olivia Asih Blandina, Yulina Mahaling http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Vaccine Distribution and Implementation in North Maluku
Vaccination is a highly effective public health intervention for preventing the spread of infectious diseases and reducing morbidity and mortality rates in the community. In this context, the Port Health Office (KKP) plays a crucial role in conducting vaccinations for travelers engaging in international travel and for other health-related purposes. This study aims to describe the distribution of vaccination participants based on regional characteristics and the types of vaccines administered at the Maluku Utara KKP in 2025. The research methodology used is an observational descriptive design, utilizing secondary data from vaccination service records recorded at the KKP from September to November 2025. A total of 843 vaccination participants were analyzed using total sampling, and data were analyzed descriptively through frequency and percentage distributions. The results showed that the majority of participants were women (55.9%), with Ternate City being the region with the highest number of participants, totaling 442 people, while Sula Islands Regency had the fewest, with only 3 participants. Regarding vaccine types, the combined meningitis meningococcal and polio vaccines were the most widely administered, with 621 services. This was followed by meningococcal meningitis and polio vaccines, each with 108 services. These findings indicate that vaccination demand in North Maluku mainly revolves around vaccines that are requirements for international travel, especially for Umrah pilgrims and travelers going abroad. Therefore, the vaccination services provided by the KKP support public health protection and fulfill international travel health requirements.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rukmina Hi. Barawes, Nani Supriyatni, Diah Merdekawati Surasno, Hadija Teapon, Muhammad Idris Lukman, Rizka Suciyati Buano, Widya Putri Avilliani http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Counseling and Screening of Non-Communicable Diseases for the Elderly in the HIMO-HIMO Social Center for the Elderly in Ternate
The increase in life expectancy has led to a significant increase in the elderly population in Indonesia, where the proportion reached 11.82% by 2023. The elderly are a vulnerable group to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperuricaemia, which are the leading causes of morbidity and decreased quality of life. This study aimed to improve elderly knowledge regarding NCDs and identify health risk factors through health education and screening activities. A one-group pretest-posttest design was conducted involving 32 elderly participants at the Himo-Himo Social Institution for the Elderly in Ternate City. Health education was provided, followed by screening for blood pressure, blood glucose, and uric acid levels. Data were analysed descriptively, while differences in knowledge scores before and after the intervention were assessed using a paired sample t-test. The results showed a significant increase in knowledge after the intervention (p = 0.000; t = -4.256). Screening results revealed that 84.4% of participants had elevated systolic blood pressure, indicating a high risk of hypertension, while 75.0% showed abnormal diastolic blood pressure. In addition, 56.3% of participants had elevated blood glucose levels, suggesting a risk of diabetes mellitus, and 71.9% had elevated uric acid levels, indicating hyperuricemia. Health education and NCD screening effectively improved elderly knowledge and facilitated early detection of health problems. These activities are essential and should be implemented routinely as part of preventive and promotive health efforts to improve the quality of life among older adults.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ayu Melisa Putri, Nani Supriyatni, Nurfina Karim, Wa Naziroh Salfiani, Andiani, Tati Sumiati, Yusnita, Hestyn Amalia , Sitti Nurhidayanti , Suryadi M. Ali , Monisa A. Hi. Djafar http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Artificial Intelligence and Data-Driven Approaches for Proactive Road Safety Analysis
This systematic review analyzes 21 peer-reviewed articles (2021–2025) from ScienceDirect, Elsevier, and IEEE Xplore to examine methodological advances in road safety research. Findings reveal a paradigm shift from retrospective crash analysis to proactive, data-driven approaches, with machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL)—particularly ensemble methods such as Random Forest, XGBoost, and neural networks—achieving crash detection accuracies of 85–92%. Explainable AI (XAI) frameworks, especially SHAP, enhance model interpretability, while hybrid and ensemble models improve predictive stability. Real-time monitoring via IoT sensors, connected vehicles, and computer vision enables surrogate safety evaluations using conflict-based metrics. Despite these advances, challenges remain regarding data heterogeneity, model transferability, privacy, and computational demands. Future directions include integrating autonomous vehicles, implementing standardized data-sharing platforms, and deploying automated safety countermeasures to transition from prediction to proactive prevention.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dr. Zubair Saing http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Optimization of the Mackerel Scad Supply Chain through Sustainable Management and Technical Approaches
This study discusses the optimization of the mackerel scad supply chain in Indonesia through the implementation of data-driven management approaches, modern technology, and sustainability practices. Key challenges include overfishing, post-harvest losses, limited infrastructure, and a lack of awareness of sustainable practices. The proposed solutions encompass enhanced human resource training, the utilization of information and communication technologies, the application of cold chain systems and modern processing techniques, and strategic collaboration among stakeholders. Results indicate that these innovations can improve catch yields, product quality, global competitiveness, and resource sustainability. The main recommendations include infrastructure development, strengthened partnerships, and the integration of sustainability principles across the entire supply chain to ensure a resilient and sustainable fisheries industry in Indonesia.
Copyright (c) 2026 Umar Tangke, Sitkun Deni, Ahmad Talib http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Mother’s Knowledge, Attitudes, and Eating Behavior with Toddler Nutritional Status (W/H) in the Sulamadaha Health Center
Sulamadaha Health Center ranked third in the highest wasting cases in Ternate City in 2024. The factor that plays an important role in meeting the nutritional needs of toddlers is the maternal factor. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge, attitudes, and eating behavior with the nutritional status of toddlers based on the W/H (Weight/ height) indicator in the Sulamadaha Health Center Working Area of Ternate City. This study is a quantitative research. The population in this study were all mothers who have toddlers in the Sulamadaha Health Center. A sample of 240 respondents was taken. Data on maternal Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior were obtained through interviews using a questionnaire, while data on Toddler Nutritional Status were measured through anthropometric measurements, namely measuring height or length and also body weight. Data were analyzed univariately and bivariately using the Pearson chi-square test. (α = 0.05). The nutritional status of toddlers using the W/H indicator consists of the categories of wasting 48 respondents (20%), normal 160 respondents (68.3%), and overweight 28 respondents (11.7%). The statistical test results showed a significant relationship between maternal knowledge (p value= 0.04), maternal attitudes (p value= 0.000), and eating behavior with toddler nutritional status (p value = 0.041). It is recommended that the Sulamadaha Health Center increase nutritional counseling for mothers of toddlers and provide assistance to families experiencing malnutrition. It is also recommended that mothers of toddlers be proactive in increasing their knowledge and behavior in implementing healthy eating patterns for their families.
Copyright (c) 2026 Asriyanti Sagaf, Suryani Mansyur, Diah Merdekawati Surasno http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Compressive Strength Test Characteristics of Concrete Using Fine Aggregates from Joubela Village and Coarse Aggregates from Sabala Village
Utilizing local materials in construction is a strategic approach to reduce development costs, especially in regions with limited logistical access. This study aims to assess the compressive strength characteristics of concrete made from local aggregates: fine aggregate from Joubela Village and coarse aggregate from Sabala Village. This approach is expected to provide an economical and efficient alternative for regional infrastructure development. The methodology involved testing the physical properties of the aggregates and designing concrete mixes according to SNI 03-2834-2000 standards. Results showed that the fine aggregate from Joubela has a specific gravity of 1.97 g/cm³, a fineness modulus of 2.96% (zone 3), a unit weight of 1.69 g/cm³, clay content of 2.50%, and moisture content of 4.60%. Meanwhile, the coarse aggregate from Sabala has a specific gravity of 2.58 g/cm³, clay content of 0.27%, moisture content of 1.97%, fineness modulus of 7.52%, loose unit weight of 1.60 g/cm³, and compacted unit weight of 1.66 g/cm³. Both materials meet the quality requirements for concrete aggregates. Based on compressive tests with a mix design of 51.5 kg cement, 24.7 liters water, 61.1 kg fine aggregate, and 157.7 kg coarse aggregate, an average compressive strength of 23.95 MPa was obtained after 28 days, exceeding the target of 21.7 MPa. Therefore, the combination of aggregates from both villages shows high potential for use in structural concrete. Future research should include cost-efficiency analysis and durability testing in aggressive environments to ensure material sustainability.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ismul Sibua, Joni Hermanto, Muhammad Usamah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Species Composition of Rays Caught by Fishermen Landed at Branta Coatal Fishing Port, Pamekasan - East Jawa
This study aims to analyze the species composition, catch targets, and conservation status of rays landed at the Fishing Port. This study was conducted for one month, namely March to April 2023, at the Branta Coastal Fishing Port in Pamekasan. The study was conducted through direct field observations with local communities regarding the location of stingray and shark fishing, as well as the fishing gear used. The samples obtained were immediately documented and recorded immediately after the fishing vessel arrived at the dock to obtain data. Descriptive analysis includes species composition, catch targets, prices and status. The results of the study obtained 96 specimens, from 3 species (Brevitrygon javaensis, Neotrygon kuhlii, Gymnura poecilura), 2 families (Dasyatidae, and Gymnuridae) and 1 order (Myliobatiformes). The highest number and composition of ray species are Javan Whipray (Brevitrygon javaensis) 79 species (82%), Bluespotted Stingray (Neotrygon kuhlii) 15 species (16%), and the lowest is Butterfly Stingray (Gymnura poecilura) 2 species (2%). All species are bycatch, and are included in three conservation status categories, namely Endangered (Brevitrygon javaensis), Vulnerable (Gymnura poecilura) and Data Deficient (Neotrygon kuhlii). Socialization efforts for various threatened and protected ray species are an important priority to support conservation strategies through measured fishing and trade regulations, supported by monitoring and evaluation and law enforcement.
Copyright (c) 2026 Riny Ayu Trian Putri, Husain Latuconsina, Hasan Zayadi http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Collaboration of Predisposing and Enabling Factors in Stunting Prevention in Soa-Sio Village, Tidore Islands City
Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem resulting from long-term nutrient deficiency that has a systemic impact on children’s intellectual capacity. This qualitative study aims to analyze the relationship between predisposing and enabling factors in stunting prevention efforts in Soa-Sio Village, Tidore Kepulauan City. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with seven mothers of stunted toddlers as primary informants and one program officer as a key informant, with data verification using source triangulation. The study findings indicate that prevention efforts have not been fully effective due to gaps in health literacy and household sanitation issues. Regarding predisposing factors, although 100% of respondents had been exposed to information about stunting, 71.4% understood stunting only as a condition of short stature without realizing its cognitive impacts. Meanwhile, regarding enabling factors, physical facilities and clean water are adequate, but their utilization is hindered by communication barriers stemming from health workers’ formal and inflexible approach to local languages. Significant environmental barriers were also found in the area of sanitation, where 28.5% of respondents did not have a private toilet and still practiced shared sanitation. In conclusion, the main barriers to stunting prevention stem from mothers’ low cognitive understanding and poor household sanitation, which have not kept pace with the available physical infrastructure. It is recommended that the Soa-Sio Community Health Center reorient its educational strategy by using interactive counseling methods in the local language, and that a cross-sectoral program be implemented to provide incentives for the construction of sanitary toilets.
Copyright (c) 2026 Megawati Istiqamah, Sitti Nurhidayanti Ishak, Norma B. Toduho, Mayasari Soamole, Hestyn Amalia http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Concrete Quality Design F'C 21 MPa Using SNI 7656:2012 Method Using Local Materials (C Ibu Selatan Quarry)
The rapid development of infrastructure in various sectors, including buildings, bridges, and towers, has increased the demand for concrete as a primary construction material. Concrete is widely used due to its advantages such as high compressive strength, durability, fire resistance, and economic efficiency. The compressive strength of concrete is generally evaluated at 28 days, while early-age strength development can be used to estimate its final performance.This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of local Class C quarry materials in Ibu Selatan District and to design a concrete mix with a target compressive strength of F’c 21 MPa using the SNI 7656:2012 method. Fine and coarse aggregates were obtained from local quarry sources in West Halmahera Regency. The engineering properties of the materials were tested to ensure compliance with concrete requirements.Concrete specimens were cast in cylindrical molds measuring 15 cm × 30 cm and tested for compressive strength at curing ages of 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The results show that the compressive strength increased with curing age, indicating normal strength development. The 28-day compressive strength reached the target design value of F’c 21 MPa, confirming that the mix design method is effective for producing normal concrete using local materials.The study concludes that local quarry materials from Ibu Selatan District are suitable for use in structural concrete and can reduce dependence on imported materials while remaining economically efficient.
Copyright (c) 2026 Etwar Luang, Joni Hermanto , Muhammad Usamah http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Balanced Nutrition Education and Early Detection of Chronic Energy Deficiency among Adolescents at Muhammadiyah 2 Junior High School, Ternate City
Adolescents are vulnerable to nutritional problems due to increased nutritional requirements during rapid growth and development. One of the common nutritional problems among adolescent girls is Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED), which may affect their future health and reproductive function. This community service activity aimed to improve students’ knowledge about balanced nutrition and conduct early detection of nutritional risk, particularly CED, among students of Muhammadiyah 2 Junior High School, Ternate City. The activity was conducted on November 8, 2025, involving 31 students from grades VII, VIII, and IX. The methods included balanced nutrition education through lectures and interactive discussions, followed by nutritional status screening using anthropometric measurements, including body weight, height, and Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) among female students. Knowledge improvement was assessed using pre-test and post-test questionnaires and analyzed using the paired t-test. The results showed an increase in the mean knowledge score from 7.10 before the intervention to 8.48 after the intervention, with a mean difference of 1.387 and a statistically significant difference (p = 0.002). Anthropometric assessment showed that the average MUAC among female students was 22.08 cm, with 5 students (38.5%) identified as being at risk of CED based on MUAC measurements. Conclusion, balanced nutrition education effectively improved students’ knowledge, and nutritional screening is important for early identification of nutritional risks. Routine nutritional monitoring in schools is recommended to support adolescent health and prevent future nutritional problems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Agustin Rahayu, Diah Merdekawati Surasno, Suryani Mansyur , Andiani, Tati Sumiati, Nani Supriyatni , Yusnita, Suryadi M. Ali, Sitti Nurhidayanti Ishak , Musiana, Monisa A. Hi. Djafar, Mayasari Soamole http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Factors Associated with Stunting Prevention Among Children Aged 24–59 Months in The Working Area of Ternate City Health Centers
Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem caused by prolonged nutritional deficiencies during the first 1,000 days of life and can impair physical growth, cognitive development, and future productivity. This study aimed to examine the relationship between maternal knowledge, diarrhea incidence, acute respiratory infection (ARI), exclusive breastfeeding, and environmental sanitation with stunting prevention efforts among children aged 24–59 months in the working area of Ternate City Health Centers in 2025. An analytic observational study with a cross-sectional design was conducted. A total of 87 respondents were selected from 680 children using the Slovin formula and purposive sampling. Data were collected through structured interviews, environmental sanitation observation, and height measurement using a microtoise according to WHO standards. The data were analyzed using the Chi-square test with α = 0.05. The results showed that diarrhea incidence (p = 0.010) and exclusive breastfeeding (p = 0.000) were significantly associated with stunting prevention efforts, while maternal knowledge (p = 0.619), ARI incidence (p = 0.231), and environmental sanitation (p = 0.994) were not. These findings suggest that stunting prevention should prioritize exclusive breastfeeding promotion and diarrhea prevention through breastfeeding counseling, nutrition education, growth monitoring, and clean and healthy living behavior promotion at community health centers and integrated health posts. Limitations include the cross-sectional design, which precludes causal inference, purposive sampling, which may cause selection bias, and self-reported data, which may be affected by recall bias.
Copyright (c) 2026 Galapu Sangadji , Andiani Andiani, Rosmila Tuharea , Agustin Rahayu , Nani Supriyatni http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Identification of Spices Traded in Several Markets in Tobelo City
This study aims to identify the types of spices sold in the market and the plant parts used in this trade. The research was carried out in four main markets in Tobelo City, namely Pasar Buale, Pasar Modern, Pasar Rawajaya, and Pasar Wosia. The study took place from May to August 2025. The method used was a survey involving direct observation and interviews with traders using purposive sampling technique. The data obtained were analyzed quantitatively by calculating frequency distribution and percentages. The results show there are 23 types of spices from 12 different plant families. These spices are divided into two main categories: dried spices (such as cinnamon, nutmeg, clove, pepper, and coriander) and fresh spices (such as the rhizome group, citrus, chili, and aromatic vegetables). The Zingiberaceae family has the highest species diversity (5 species), followed by Amaryllidaceae (3 species). Comparisons between locations indicate an uneven distribution of diversity: Pasar Modern has the highest level of diversity with 13 types of spices, followed by Pasar Wosia (11 types), Pasar Rawajaya (7 types), and Pasar Buale (6 types). Based on the frequency distribution of the number of types sold, there are different patterns; the majority of dried spice traders sell a limited variety of between 1–5 types, while fresh spice traders tend to offer a more complete variety ranging from 11–15 types of spices to meet consumers’ daily seasoning needs. The use of plant parts is highly varied, including bark, flower buds, fruit, seeds, rhizomes, leaves, and bulbs.
Copyright (c) 2026 Silwanus P. Hunsam, Ariance Yeane Kastanja, Zeth Patty http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Quality Analysis of Fresh Mackarel Tuna under Different Icing Durations in Cold Storage Based on pH and Organoleptic Values
Mackerel tuna (Euthynnus affinis) is one of the most widely consumed marine fish species in Tobelo, North Halmahera, Indonesia. Due to its highly perishable nature, maintaining freshness during postharvest handling is essential to preserve product quality and ensure consumer safety. This study aimed to evaluate the freshness of mackerel tuna during chilled storage using ice by assessing the changes in pH and organoleptic characteristics. The experiment was conducted from May to June 2025. Fresh fish were stored on ice and evaluated at 0, 4, 8, and 12 h after arrival at the laboratory. The pH was measured in triplicate, and the organoleptic quality was assessed by 30 untrained panelists based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) for fresh fish. The data were descriptively analyzed and presented in tables and figures. The results demonstrated that the pH of mackerel tuna decreased from 0 to 8 hours of storage, corresponding to the rigor mortis phase, and subsequently increased at 12 hours, indicating the onset of post-rigor biochemical changes. Organoleptic scores gradually declined during storage but remained within the acceptable range for fresh fish samples. The mean scores were 7.67–8.93 for eye appearance, 8.00–9.00 for gill appearance, 7.87–9.00 for surface slime, 7.80–8.80 for flesh appearance, 7.93–8.87 for odor, and 8.07–9.00 for texture appearance. All organoleptic values remained above the minimum acceptance score of 7.0 specified by the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), indicating that the fish maintained acceptable freshness throughout the 12-h storage period under iced conditions.
Copyright (c) 2026 Vebiola Pesondolang, Febrina Olivia Akerina, Yubelina Hibata, Femsy Kour http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
The Relationship Between Room Sanitation, Vector Presence, Food Hygiene, and Waste Management and the Sanitary Condition of Passenger Ships Docking at Tobelo Port
Passenger ships require continuous sanitation control because their enclosed spaces, passenger movement, food services, waste production, and vector risks may affect public health. This study examined factors associated with the sanitary condition of passenger ships docking at Tobelo Port, including room sanitation, vector presence, food sanitation, and waste management. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted from March to April 2026 involving five passenger ships and 43 crew members selected by total sampling. Data were obtained through direct observation and structured interviews. The analysis was performed descriptively and continued with logistic regression using a significance level of p < 0.05. The findings indicated that room sanitation was the factor most consistently associated with ship sanitary condition, with p = 0.01 in all observed ships. Meanwhile, vector presence, food sanitation, and waste management showed significant associations only on certain ships, reflecting differences in daily sanitation practices and operational management. Although waste management had the weakest statistical association, it remains essential to reduce environmental contamination and health risks. Therefore, sanitation improvement at Tobelo Port should focus on maintaining room sanitation, strengthening vector control, improving food handling practices, and ensuring safer waste management through routine inspection, crew guidance, and risk-based supervision.
Copyright (c) 2026 Roberto Cabu, Engganis Dadere http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Systematic Literature Review on The Utilization of Cold Chain Facilities at Several Fishing Ports in North Maluku Province
This study aims to examine the existing conditions and the utilization rate of cold chain facilities at several fishing ports in North Maluku Province, in order to provide a basis for policy-making regarding the development of such facilities. This study employs the systematic literature review method. The review used the PRISMA protocol, screening 187 articles down to 14 relevant articles that were then analyzed in depth. The synthesis results show that the cold chain facilities available at the Coastal Fishing Port (CFP) Bacan, South Halmahera Regency; CFP Tobelo, North Halmahera Regency; Fish Landing Base (FLB) Goto, Tidore Islands City; and Archipelagic Fishing Port (AFP) Ternate consist of ice plants, air blast freezers (ABF), and cold storage. The utilization rate of ice plants at CFP Bacan and AFP Ternate has exceeded the optimal limit, while at FLB Goto it cannot serve fishermen’s needs because it is damaged and not operational. Meanwhile, the utilization rate of the ice plant at CFB Tobelo is not yet optimal. Furthermore, the utilization rate of air blast freezers (ABF) is not yet optimal at CFB Tobelo, FLB Goto, and AFP Ternate, whereas at CFP Bacan the utilization of ABF has exceeded the optimal limit. The utilization rate of cold storage at CFP Bacan, CFB Tobelo, and FLB Goto is not yet optimal, while the utilization rate of cold storage at AFP Ternate has exceeded the optimal limit.
Copyright (c) 2026 Irwan Usman, Amirul Karman, Imran Taeran, Surahman Surahman http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Solution of Systems of Linear Equations Using Triangularization and Backward Substitution
Linear equation systems are fundamental concepts in mathematics that play a vital role across various scientific fields. This study aims to examine and analyze solution methods for linear systems using triangularization and backward substitution techniques. The research employs a literature review approach with a qualitative descriptive method, sourcing data from various scientific texts, theses, and relevant journal articles. The results indicate that the triangularization process effectively transforms a linear system into an upper triangular matrix form, simplifying and accelerating the solution process. Subsequently, backward substitution systematically determines variable values starting from the last equation moving backward. The combined use of these methods proves to be effective, structured, and efficient, especially for systems with many variables. A linear system is considered simple if all variable values can be obtained with less effort and faster than before simplification. This research contributes to enhancing the understanding of the mathematical concepts and procedures for solving linear systems and supports the development of numerical algorithms in science and technology fields.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dewi Maulut Fajar, Ruslan Laisouw http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0